THE CIRIN BULLETIN
Conference
Interpreting Research
Information Network
An independent network for the
dissemination of information on
conference interpreting
research (CIR)
__________________________________________________________________
BULLETIN n°41
December 2010
Editor: Daniel Gile
Contributors to
this issue:
Editorial address:
D. Gile, 46, rue d'Alembert, 92190 Meudon, France
e-mail: daniel.gile@yahoo.com
Web site: http://www.cirinandgile.com
This Bulletin aims at
contributing to the dissemination of information on conference interpreting
research (CIR) and at providing useful information to members of the CIR
community worldwide. It is intended to achieve maximum coverage of research
into this sub-field of interpreting, and only occasionally refers to research
and publications in other sub-fields. The Bulletin is published twice a
year, in December and June. For further information and electronic or paper
copies of early issues (the last issue is available on the Web site at any
time), please contact D. Gile.
Note: the
mini-abstracts are followed by the initials of the contributors who sent in the
information, but the text may also be written or adapted from the original text
by D.Gile, who takes responsibility for the comments and for any errors
introduced by him.
* *
*
20th anniversary
This 41st issue of the CIRIN Bulletin marks
the 20th anniversary of the network, which was set up in 1990.
In the
1980s, painfully aware of the lack of communication between researchers working
on interpreting in various parts of the world, I thought something needed to be
done about it. The enthusiasm shown by participants at the now famous November
1986 Trieste Conference on Interpreter Training (see Gran, Laura &
John Dodds, eds., 1989, The theoretical and practical aspects of
teaching conference interpretation, Udine, Campanotto Editore) when many of
them discovered each other and realized that they shared ideas about research
into interpreting which were not necessarily in line with the prevalent
paradigm at that time was exciting – and so was the birth of the Trieste
school’s (SSLMIT) The Interpreters’
Newsletter, the first journal devoted to interpreting.
At the time,
I had collected a (relatively) large number of bibliographical items for the
AIIC bibliography in the framework of GRITS, the AIIC group Jennifer Mackintosh
had set up to address research issues, and thought it could be a good idea to
create a network which would inform fellow researchers of each other’s publications
and activities by way of a Bulletin. Most
colleagues to whom I talked about it were pessimistic about the viability of
the project, for which there was no funding. The work and the cost of printing,
photocopying and mailing the Bulletin
to various parts of the world seemed prohibitive. The answer was cost-sharing
in the form of a centralized network, with a central Node in
Most
of the content of the Bulletin is
collected by myself, but many important items, in particular information on MA
theses, are contributed by colleagues. Their input is most valuable, especially
as regards texts to which most researchers would have no access for linguistic,
geographical and other reasons (see for instance Riccardo Moratto’s
contribution on research in China, and in particular in Taiwan, in this Bulletin). The data they provide show
that there is probably a wealth of interesting studies on the shelves of
university libraries the existence of which the larger community of
interpreting researchers does not suspect because their authors never summed up
their research in a paper in a journal (though some initiatives of this kind do
exist, for example in Spain with Sendebar
or Luis Alonso Bacigalupe’s 2003 personal initiative – see Bulletin n°27).
Editorial policy
The Bulletin
has been coming out regularly every six months over the past 20 years. Some
analysts of Interpreting Studies have commented that the CIRIN network has
played a significant role in the development of the field. It is of course tempting
to accept the idea that one’s personal initiative has had some importance in
the development of a discipline, but while it may have done something to fill a
real gap during the first decade of its existence, with the spectacular development
of the whole field of TS over the past 10 years, with all the TS journals,
including online journals, conferences and the dissemination of information on
the Web, the Bulletin can no longer
claim to be more than one available information service among many information
channels – a change which, of course, is most welcome.
Under the
circumstances, perhaps a more flexible, personal editorial policy is justified.
One of the self-limitations set in the beginning was that the network would
cover conference interpreting only (including broadcast interpreting as a
category within conference interpreting). There were two reasons for this. One
was the idea was that if the system worked for conference interpreting, it
should also work for other types of interpreting, and colleagues who wanted to
follow a similar path should be encouraged to launch similar initiatives for
community interpreting, court interpreting, sign-language interpreting etc. without
any competition from this network. The other was that while I thought the CIRIN
network (IRTIN initially) could offer reasonably comprehensive coverage of
conference interpreting, there was no way it could to the same for other types
of interpreting, and I preferred to stick to the ambition of being as comprehensive
as possible in one branch of interpreting rather than offer very limited
information in several. However, as explained earlier, conditions have changed,
with more access to information through other channels. In addition, to my
knowledge, no colleague has attempted to launch similar initiatives for community
interpreting, court interpreting or sign-language interpreting, while the
commonalities between them have been attracting more attention in IS. I
therefore feel now that it would not be unfair to anybody to extend the scope
of the Bulletin to list some
interesting publications in other sectors of Translation Studies, and will from
now on include a few such publications, without making any claims as to
coverage.
For
the same reasons, I will also take the liberty of writing more personal
comments, reviews, chronicles etc. than in the past.
EST – the
European Society for Translation Studies
Congratulations and best wishes to the new President
(Anthony Pym) and Board of the European Society for Translation Studies (visit
its website at www.est-translationstudies.org).
Judging by the first 3 months of their term, they are full of energy and
initiatives, which bodes well for the future. EST is an international learned
society (with members inside and outside Europe) in the field of Translation
Studies which has always considered interpreting, including conference
interpreting, an integral part of Translation and where much interesting interaction
has been taking place between researchers working on written translation and
researchers working on interpreting. Ever since the first Executive Board,
there have always been members from interpreting, including the first Secretary
General and one President, and important exchanges have taken place under the
EST umbrella. Actually, it would only be fair to stress that such interaction started
at CERA (now CETRA), the TS chair and Summer School set up by José Lambert of
KUL Leuven, that EST, whose initial membership included many scholars from
CERA/CETRA, adopted the same attitude towards interdisciplinarity, and that the
Master’s degree in Translation and Intercultural Studies at the University
Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, led by Anthony Pym (http://www.urv.cat/masters_oficials/en_translation.html)
follows the same tradition.
Signed Language
Interpreting
Recent initiatives by colleagues from Signed Language Interpreting
(SLI) and circumstances have raised my awareness of the insights which could be
gained from more interaction between research into SLI and research into
conference interpreting. To mention just a few examples, SLI, which is done
mostly in the simultaneous mode, spans the whole range of interpreting contexts
all the way from community interpreting to conference interpreting through
broadcast interpreting, court interpreting, health care interpreting and other
forms of community interpreting, which opens up the way to interesting
comparisons, in particular with respect to the role of interpreters. In the SLI
environment, users seem to be more sensitive to quality issues than in the
spoken language conference interpreting environment, and studying their
reactions could help gain new insights. Another relevant aspect of SLI is
linguistic, with issues having to do both with cross-modality interpreting and
with interesting lexical and ‘grammatical’ issues. Finally, much work is done
in SLI in the field of training, as regards both language training and
interpreting skills training, in ways from which we in spoken-language
conference interpreting could have much to learn. Visit for instance the
websites of the International Journal of Interpreter Education at http://www.cit-asl.org/journal.html
and of the Conference of Interpreter Trainers at http://www.cit-asl.org .
In this issue
Out of 41 items on conference interpreting listed in
this issue, 15 (37%) are empirical. Only 28% of the papers published in
journals are empirical, and none of the articles published in collective volume
is. All the 7 theses and 2 doctoral dissertations are empirical. This
corroborates once again the important role theses and dissertations have in
producing knowledge through data.
Also note
the continued development of research into conference interpreting in
Finally, in
the non-conference interpreting section, find the references and a few comments
on an up-to-date summary of ESIT’s influential “interpretive theory” paradigm
summed up by Marianne Lederer, one of its two co-founders.
With my best
wishes for 2011,
Daniel Gile
Badiu,
Izabella. 2010. Enseignement de l’interprétation : pour quel
marché ? Le cas roumain. In
ISIT, Les pratiques de l’interprétation
et l’oralité dans la communication interculturelle, Colloque International.
Lausanne : L’âge d’homme. 183-193.
* The interpreting market in Romania.
Bo
Bramsen, Michčle. 2010. Le passé, le présent et l’avenir
de l’AIIC. In ISIT, Les pratiques de l’interprétation et
l’oralité dans la communication interculturelle, Colloque International.
Chang, Albert L. 2009. Ear-Voice-Span
and Target Language Rendition in Chinese to English Simultaneous Interpretation. Studies
of Translation and Interpretation 12.177-217.
* Abstract: The paper reports on a small-scale observation on ear-voice span (EVS)
during simultaneous interpreting (SI) from Chinese to English, where EVS is
taken as the lag time between comprehension of the source text (SL) and
reformulation of the target language (TL). Waiting and determining when to
start TL rendition is a major task in SI, and EVS management is crucial to SI
performance. The study analyses five SI interpretations from Chinese into
English and explores the following: (1) EVS during Chinese to English SI, (2)
the effect of speech rate on the EVS, and (3) errors and omissions in the TL
rendition. The observed EVS in this study ranged from a low of 1.2 seconds to a
high of 15.7 seconds; the average lag ranged from 4.7 seconds to 7.1 seconds.
In addition, when the speaker increased his pace, there was an increase in the
average lag among the participants. The study also showed a higher rate of
errors and omissions following longer lags. The observed results may be helpful
in interpreter training. Interpreter-trainees should be aware of the possible
consequences of long EVS’s, and take appropriate strategies to regulate the
EVS.
* This paper examines the
effectiveness of teaching note-taking to trainee interpreters. It first
identifies layout, symbols and visualizations as aspects assumed to contribute
to more successful consecutive interpreting and then presents contents of a note-taking
course. The experimental study described in the paper features interpreting
trainees who had previously completed this course as participants. The students
were asked to interpret a text into their B language consecutively, submit
their notes to the conductor of the experiment and complete a questionnaire.
The analysis focuses on certain elements of the source text (concepts to be
noted down as symbols, figures, easy to visualize excerpts, etc.) as reflected
in the notes and in the questionnaire. The results show that the majority of
students focus on correctly writing down numbers, apply visualizations as
mnemonics and adhere to well-structured layout principles. However, such
elements as symbols are not readily transferable to the students’ individual
note-taking systems.
Keywords: Note-taking, Consecutive interpreting, Visualization, Note-taking
symbols, Layout
* Aspiring interpreting
professionals need to possess skills which allow them to think quickly in order
to deal with unexpected situations that will inevitably arise in the course of
interpreting assignments. The complex and inherently unpredictable nature of
interpreting can be a major source of anxiety for student interpreters,
particularly when they are called upon to perform in a language in which their
proficiency and confidence levels are limited. Specific techniques for managing
this anxiety, however, are often lacking in interpreter training programmes.
This study examines the effects of a programme based on theatrical techniques
commonly used in the training of professional actors but tailored specifically
for novice interpreters. Two groups of interpreting students each received
seven weeks of training in a sequential manner, allowing an external rating of
the participants' performance to be carried out before and after the training
took place. Results of the external ratings and the participants' own
evaluation of their learning revealed significant benefits, with gains
particularly evident in the areas of confidence, delivery and rapid problem
solving abilities.
Keywords: Interpreting, Theatrical training, Improvisation, Anxiety,
Self-confidence
Donovan, Clare. 2010. Interpreter intervention in
bridging cultural gaps. In ISIT, Les
pratiques de l’interprétation et l’oralité dans la communication
interculturelle, Colloque International.
* Reflections on
conference interpreting as cultural gap bridging.
GAO Bin &
CHAI Mingjiong.
Abstract: A corpus-based analysis of simultaneous
interpreting researches in
Key words:
simultaneous interpreting; interpreting studies; citation analysis
Gile, Daniel. 2010. Rôles d’interprčtes. In ISIT, Les pratiques de l’interprétation et
l’oralité dans la communication interculturelle, Colloque International.
* A general
discussion of roles of interpreters in various sectors of interpreting, which
starts with a focus on discrepancies between the idealized role of conference
interpreters as it is generally depicted and reality in the field.
Ilg, Gérard. 2010. L’oralité. In ISIT, Les pratiques de l’interprétation et
l’oralité dans la communication interculturelle, Colloque International.
* A didactic
text, from a master and veteran teacher of conference interpreting
汝明麗。2009。 臺灣口譯產業專業化：Tseng 模型之檢討與修正， 期刊發表。 編譯論叢。頁數：22。 語文別：中文。
Ju, Elma Mingli. 2009. The Professionalization of Interpreting
in
* Abstract: According to Joseph Tseng’s 1992 model of the
professionalization process in reference to conference interpreting in
* Key Words: conference interpreting, professionalization, professional examination, accreditation.
Kalina, Sylvia
& Barbara Ahrens. 2010. Consecutive – An outdated skill or a mode with a
new profile? Implications
for teaching. In ISIT, Les pratiques de
l’interprétation et l’oralité dans la communication interculturelle,
Colloque International. Lausanne : L’âge d’homme. 143-158.
Kutz, Wladimir. 2000.
Training für den Ernstfall. Warum und wie sich die Vorbereitung auf den
Dolmetscheinsatz lohnt. MDÜ 3.
林宜瑾，胡家榮，廖柏森。2004-2005。口譯課程使用國際模擬會議之成效探討， 期刊發表。翻譯學研究集刊。頁數：26。 語文別：中文。
Lin, Jean;
Clarence Davis; Posen Liao. 2004-2005. The
Effectiveness of Using International Mock Conference in Interpretation Courses. Studies of
Translation and Interpretation 9. 81-107 (in Chinese).
* Abstract: In recent years, there has been a dramatic
proliferation of discussion concerned with interpretation-related issues.
Within the extensive literature on this emerging area, while numerous studies
were carried out to investigate the topics such as principles of interpretation
teaching, designs of interpretation curriculum, and evaluation of
interpretation teaching methods, comparatively little research has focused on
empirically validating and elaborating practical teaching procedures that instructors can follow to implement an
effective interpretation class. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to
ascertain the effect of using international mock conference as a term project
at college to provide students with interpretation training as compared to that
of a traditional teacher-centered approach in teaching interpretation skills.
The teaching system described here offers an alternative interpretation
teaching option, which is firmly anchored in well-accepted principles of
language teaching and learning. It is hoped that this brief paper could
encourage interpretation teachers to explore more possibilities to promote
teaching effectiveness as well as to enhance their students’ learning
motivation to acquire interpretation competence.
* Key Words: interpretation instruction, international
mock conference, teaching activity.(RM)
Rodríguez, Nadia & Bettina Schnell. 2009. Regard sur la terminologie
adaptée ŕ l’interprétation. L’Actualité
langagičre (BtB, bureau de la traduction, Canada). Volume 6/1, March 2009. http://www.btb.gc.ca/btb.php?lang=fra&cont=1312
Stoll, Christoph. 2002. Terminologiesysteme für Simultandolmetscher. MDÜ 3, p. 47-51.
TANG Fang.
* Abstract: Based on a survey of experimental research papers on interpreting published
in 16 core journals in
Key words: experimental research on interpreting; bibliometric
analysis; characteristic; problem
TANG Dan &
ZHANG Kejin. 2010. Cognitive Model of Simultaneous Interpretation
and Its Functions. Chinese Science &
Technology Translators Journal, 2010 (2): 15-17.
* Abstract: Gile’s Effort model of simultaneous interpretation
provides us a basic method of studying the complicated processes of
simultaneous interpretation. This paper presents an effort to establish a
mathematical model in describing the nature of simultaneous interpretation, and
a trial study of the relationships and affections between effort elements of L
+ P +M +C1.
Key Words: simultaneous interpretation; cognitive schema; model
WANG Wenyu, ZHOU
Dandan, WANG Lin. 2010. Features of note-taking and quality of interpretation:
An empirical study, Foreign Language
World, 2010 (4): 9-18.
* Abstract:
This study aims to investigate the
relationship between the features of note-taking in consecutive interpreting
(quantity, form and language(s)) and the quality of interpretation. It analyzes
the notes taken by 12 college English majors while doing two interpreting tasks
(English-Chinese, Chinese-English) and leads to the following findings: (1) on
average, the words and symbols in the notes are about one third of the words of
the source text, with no significant correlation found between the quantity of
notes and the quality of interpretation; (2) whereas the student interpreters
mainly use short forms in their notes, they rarely use symbols, with no significant
correlation found between the quantity of short forms and symbols and the
quality of interpretation; (3) as regards the choice of language for
note-taking, the student interpreters generally prefer the source language in
both interpreting tasks, with no significant correlation found between the use
of language ( either the source language or the target language) and the
quality of interpretation.
Key words: features of note-taking in interpreting; quality of
interpretation
XU Haiming.
2010. Pauses in Conference Consecutive Interpreting from English into Chinese:
An Empirical Study, Foreign Languages
Research, 2010 (1): 64-71.
* Abstract: Pauses in the process of consecutive interpreting (CI) are believed to
be highly related to the interpreter’s on-line cognitive processing and his or
her application of translation strategies. The present study aims to address
the following research questions: (1) What are the features of pauses in CI?
(2) What factors motivate the interpreter to pause while he or she is
interpreting? (3) What is the real situation as far as the occurrences and time
span of different types of pauses are concerned? (4) What types of pauses are
more likely to occur in the process of CI? We chose 5 professional conference
trainee interpreters as participants to produce task-based interpreting data.
Then, by using stimulated recall protocol, we elicited them immediately to
retrospect on every pause occurring while they were performing the tasks. Their
retrospections were recorded and transcribed. On the basis of the above, we
used the software cooledit pro. (2. 0) to analyze the time spans o f all the
pauses exceeding 0. 3 seconds in the task-based data and used the retrospection
data to identify different types of pauses and analyze the underlying
motivations for pausing. The study shows: (1) in general, most of the pauses
are triggered by information organizing , target language retrieving,
production modifying and strategies employing; (2) in particular, information
organizing causes the most frequent pause occurrences and target language
retrieving causes the longest pause lengths; (3) interpreting pauses last much
longer than those in second language speech. T he results o f this study may
benefit CI training and relevant studies.
Key words: consecutive interpreting; pauses in interpreting;
types of pauses; lengths of pause; motivations for pausing; stimulated recall
protocol
XU Ming. 2010. Deverbalization in Consecutive and
Simultaneous Interpretation: A Cognitive View. Chinese Translators Journal, 2010 (3): 5-11.
* Abstract:
Though a key concept in the “théorie interprétative de l’interprétation,”
deverbalization has not yet been elaborated precisely by translation scholars.
In an effort to shed much-needed light on this often misunderstood term, the
present paper subjects deverbalization to a close examination, tracing its
conceptual development back to the original sources and reviewing available
literature on the issues it has generated. Drawing from what the theories of
cognitive psychology and cognitive semantics have to offer in this respect, the
author proposes two models for conceptualizing the way semantic organization
takes shape in the comprehension processes of simultaneous and consecutive
interpretation. An account of how meaning is represented during the
deverbalizing process is also given.
Key words:
cognitive process; interpretation; simultaneous interpretation; consecutive
interpretation; deverbalization; discourse comprehension; cognitive semantics
ZHANG Jiliang. 2010.
Looking into the ESIT Model for conference interpreter training. Foreign Language World, 2010 (2): 30-38.
* Abstract:
The ESIT model for conference interpreter
training, which has been modified and promoted by AIIC, is largely indebted to
Danica Seleskovitch and her colleagues at ESIT. The model holds that conference
interpreter training must be exclusively focusing on interpreting skills rather
than language enhancement, and that students are not al2 lowed to execute
simultaneous interpreting (SI) into their B language. However, due to students’
lack of linguistic competence and the EU expansion, it gets more and more
difficult to abide by the above two principles. Today, language enhancement
programs and SI training into B language have become the essential components
of conference interpreter training programs. The paper traces the changes that
the ESIT model has undergone and explores the driving forces behind them.
Key words: ESIT model; language enhancement; SI into B language
ZHANG Wei.
* Abstract:
Interpreting is characterized by both practical information communication and
complicated cognitive processing. The explorations into the memory mechanism in
interpreting have gone through various stages: practice-based theoretical
analysis, empirical research, and model design (esp. models of working memory
in simultaneous interpreting). Future research of memory in interpreting should
involve the collection of more various empirical data and modification or
innovation of memory models in interpreting.
Key words: simultaneous interpreting; working memory;
theoretical explorations
ZHONG Weihe &
WANG Binhua. 2010. Interpreting
Studies as a Discipline: A New Conception, Chinese Translators Journal, 2010 (5):
7-12.
* Abstract: Emerging in the 1950s and undergoing a period of
fast development in the past two decades, the studies of interpreting remains
confronted however with two critical issues in its pursuit of disciplinary
status: how it should be positioned vis-ŕ-vis its neighbouring disciplines; and
what shape its conceptual framework ought to take to ensure its continued
growth. This article proposes that interpreting studies be conceived as a
(sub)discipline within Translation Studies, and that its disciplinary framework
be made up primarily of four components: theoretical assumptions about its own
epistemology and methodology, and practical understandings of the objects and
approaches for its research.
Key words: interpreting studies; disciplinary
construction; theoretical foundation; applied studies
Articles from the Handbook of
Translation Studies, Volume 1, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins:
Dam, Helle. 2010. Consecutive Interpreting. Article in Gambier and Van Doorslaer
(eds). Handbook of Translation Studies,
volume 1. 75-79.
Diriker, Ebru. 2010. Simultaneous conference interpreting and technology. Article in
Gambier and Van Doorslaer (eds). Handbook
of Translation Studies, volume 1. 329-332.
Pöchhacker, Franz. 2010. Media Interpreting. Article in Gambier and Van Doorslaer (eds). Handbook of Translation Studies, volume
1. 224-226.
Russo, Mariachiara. 2010. Simultaneous interpreting. Article in Gambier and Van Doorslaer
(eds). Handbook of Translation Studies,
volume 1. 333-336.
Setton, Robin. 2010. Conference Interpreting. Article in Gambier and Van Doorslaer
(eds). Handbook of Translation Studies,
volume 1. 66-74.
Shlesinger, Miriam. 2010. Relay Interpreting. Article in Gambier and Van Doorslaer (eds). Handbook of Translation Studies, volume
1. 276-278.
M.A.
AND GRADUATION THESES
Ageiwa, Veronika. 2010. ČEŠTINA
JAKO TLUMOČNICKÝ JAZYK „C“ (Czech
as a ’C‘ Language). MA thesis,
* The
aim of this work was to describe the politics of interpreting in European
institutions and to define basic problems in interpreting with focus on Czech
as a C language, or if possible to recommend potential improvements.
The theoretical
part is divided in two extensive chapters.
The first one
deals with organization of interpreting in European institutions, options to
learn new languages, strategies of interpreter-engagement and their working
conditions.
The second
chapter defines possible problems in interpreting from
In the empirical part we had done a questionnaire research among the
European institutions interpreters. It was then followed by interviews with
three interpreters, in which we tried to clarify more complicated problems and
to extend the questionnaire research.
The research focuses on strategies of adding new working languages and
on ways used for studying the Czech language. We also verified the possible
problematic areas in interpreting that had been defined in the theoretical
part. In the interviews we touched upon deeper causes of some problems, also we
discussed some possible solutions to these problems.
The research showed that Czech in European institutions is still
perceived as a new language and in principle an “exotic” language. The biggest
problems are different cultural thinking of Czech speakers, information
overload of texts, the fact, that speakers often read, as well as high speed of
speaking. Working conditions in European institutions are generally good, but
problems caused by the above mentioned exoticness occur.
García Becerra, Olalla. 2006. La
incidencia de las primeras impresiones en la evaluación de la calidad de la
interpretación: estudio piloto. DEA thesis,
* Another interesting empirical contribution to the considerable effort
devoted by Ángela Collados’s group in Granada to research into interpreting
quality assessment. This experimental study was devoted to the detection of the
influence of users’ first impressions of an interpreter’s target speech to their
assessment of ulterior interpretations by the same interpreter. Six speeches
with their interpretations were used, including two by the same male
interpreter and two by the same female interpreter, the order of presentation
of the speeches was varied and various quality parameters were measured through
questionnaires. The design was a bit complex and perhaps not tight enough to
generate clear-cut results, but a number of interesting findings emerge,
including the users’ own admission that first impressions do count in their
ulterior assessment of interpretations by the same interpreter, marked
variability, and one more confirmation of the importance, in actual
interpretation assessments, of parameters of form as opposed to substance, in
contradiction with the priority given to substance over forms in expectation
surveys.
黃經偉。2009。 自由會議口譯員的印象管理初探研究—與中介機構及客戶之互動， 碩士論文。 國立臺灣師範大學翻譯研究所。論文頁數：138。 語文別：英文。
Huang, Ching-Wei. 2009. An Exploratory Study of Freelance Conference
Interpreters' Impression Management—Interaction with Agents and Clients. M.A. Thesis,
* Abstract: This exploratory study investigates the
freelance conference interpreters’ interaction with the interpreting agencies
and direct clients by delving into the interpreters’ different impression
management processes, and tactics. The study also discusses possible influences
on the working relationships between interpreters and agents as well as
clients. Respective views from the provider, coordinator, and purchaser of the
interpreting service regarding the working relationship are also explored. Based
on the dramaturgy of Goffman (1969) and relevant impression management theories
as well as concepts of services marketing, this study proposes an analytical
framework to delineate conference interpreters’ impression management behaviors
categorized into acquisitive, protective, and adjustment tactics in
interpreting services in terms of first encounter, pre-service stage,
in-service stage, post-service stage, and off-work interactions with agents and
clients. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with fourteen conference
interpreters, three agents, and two direct clients. The results of the study
indicate that conference interpreters adopt different tactics in each stage of
interaction with agents and clients. In spite of capabilities as paramount qualities
of an interpreter, impression management bears on the working relationship
between interpreters and agents as well as clients in the sense that it
facilitates smooth interaction and may even influence client satisfaction.
* Key Words: conference interpreting, impression management, dramaturgy, services marketing. (RM)
黃詠蘭。2009。同步口譯之專技發展－以學生口譯員之英譯中表現為例， 碩士論文。輔仁大學翻譯研究所。論文頁數：171。 語文別：中文。
Huang, Yonglan. 2009. Expertise development in interpreting: An analysis of student
interpreters’ performance in English to Chinese simultaneous interpreting. M.A. Thesis, Fu
* Abstract: Liu (2001) investigated the task of
simultaneous interpreting (SI) through the relationship between working memory
and observed domain-specific skills in simultaneous interpreting. In the study,
professional interpreters’ performance in simultaneous interpreting from
English into Mandarin was compared to that of beginner and novice interpreters.
The results suggested that professional interpreters clearly outperformed the
other two groups of participants, whereas no statistically significant
difference was observed between the two groups of student interpreters.
Nonetheless, this observation does not seem to be in line with evidence
provided by the research on skill acquisition. As a consequence, this study
aims to analyze the corpus in Liu (2001) and see if performance differences
exist between the two groups of student interpreters. The aspects explored in
this study include utterance speed, speech proportion, as well as pauses and
omissions in the interpreted discourse. In addition, through a cross-examination
of the interpreted discourse and the aforementioned aspects, this study also
intends to identify processing patterns displayed and strategies adopted by the
participants as they performed the task of simultaneous interpreting. The
research material consists of the recordings of 57 simultaneous interpretations
from English into Mandarin by 19 student interpreters, 10 of whom are beginner
interpreters and 9 of whom are novice interpreters. The total word count of the
translated text is 109038 words. The findings suggest that second-year student
interpreters did outperform their beginner counterparts in the study, as
reflected in more fluent delivery, higher processing speed, relatively more
complete renditions, and better ability to cope with difficulties with
different strategies. By and large, the performance of the two groups in the
current study seems to be characteristic of learners in the different stages of
skill acquisition.
* Key Words: simultaneous interpreting, skill acquisition, expert, novice, expertise.(MR)
Trubková, Jana. 2010. České předsednictví Rady Evropské unie z
pohledu tlumočníků a delegátů (The Czech EU
Presidency from the point of view of Interpreters and Delegates). MA
thesis,
* Between January and June 2009, the
The
present report concentrated on the objective of responding to the question:
What were the greatest challenges faced by the interpreters who performed
interpretation services from and to Czech? Because Czech was the language which
served as the bridge between European delegates to the Czech presidency, the
interpreters were an important link for the success of all the meetings.
In
For
this report we have used surveys to ascertain the interpreters' opinions with
regard to their interpretation service experience during the Czech presidency,
as well as to ascertain the delegates' opinions about the interpreting services
rendered. Likewise, we compared the opinions of the Czech delegates with those
of the foreign delegates.
We replied that the services rendered by the
interpreters during the presidency were of high quality in light of the fact that the delegates and working committee
leaders expressed their satisfaction with them. According to the delegates, the
most common problem was the interpreters'
understanding of specific technical terms. At the same time, the biggest
problem according to the interpreters was that the delegates did not
adequately cooperate with the interpreters. The report's conclusion is to
express some suggestions including the following: All the interpreters
providing services for European bodies should be fluent in English, at the very
least they should possess a high level of comprehension because the majority of
materials in this type of meeting are in
this language. Besides, in light of the fact the delegates often
substitute their mother tongue for English in a majority of cases, doing it to
the detriment of comprehensibility, interpreters must be able to cope with this
reality. On the other hand delegates should in their own interest recognize and
prize more frequently the work of interpreters and the role that they play in
the delegate's success. This attitude can only be modified if society as a
whole is aware of the important role of the interpreter in the modern era.
Likewise we suggest the necessity of interpreting specialization in specified
areas. And we are in favor of being better qualified and sensibility of all
participants in international conferences. We consider this report to be a
basis for deeper future investigations that will have to be undertaken to
verify the quality of our interpreters. We hope that the results of this report
will be useful to young students of interpretation who are preparing for this
profession which is filled with challenges.
曾仁德。2004。台灣口譯產業分析：以中英會議口譯次產業為例， 碩士論文。輔仁大學翻譯研究所。論文頁數：98。 語文別：中文。
Tseng, Jente. 2004. Industrial Analysis of the Interpreting Industry
in Taiwan：Taking Chinese-English Conference Interpreting
Industry as an Example.
M.A. Thesis, Fu
* Abstract: As
* Key Words: conference interpreting, information asymmetry, customer loyalty.(RM)
張立德[1]。2008。口譯品質量化評估指標初探， 碩士論文。輔仁大學翻譯研究所。論文頁數：154。 語文別：英文。
Zhang, Lide. 2008. Using Quantitative Measures in Assessing
Interpreter Performance: An Exploratory Study. M.A. Thesis, Fu
* Abstract: Conventional approaches to interpreter
performance assessment are often plagued by large inconsistencies. This results
from assessors’ subjectivity and insufficient understanding of the components
of interpretation quality. This study aimed to find some objective measures
that may be used to evaluate the quality of interpretation by examining how
these measures correlate with the results of more subjective evaluation performed
by raters. The corpus consisted of 35 consecutive interpretations, including 17
English to Mandarin Chinese and 18 Mandarin Chinese to English, rendered by 9
trainee interpreters. Three text features on the interpretation transcripts
were examined quantitatively: interpreter’s output word count, use of pauses,
and correspondence with the source speech on expert-selected keywords. The
analyzed interpretations were rated on fidelity and delivery and obtained a
score for each of the two criteria. The quantitative data were examined for
their correlation with the quality scores to show the relationship between the
objective measures of interpretation and raters’ quality assessment. The major
findings were as follows: 1. There was no clear correlation between
interpretation’s output word count and its quality, despite a positive
correlation trend observed in all analyzed pairs. 2. The interpreters’ use of
silent pauses was shown to have no clear correlation with their fidelity or
delivery score and therefore could not predict interpreters’ fidelity or
quality of delivery with confidence. 3.A negative trend was found between the
interpreter’s use of filled pauses and the interpretation’s delivery score,
showing that filled pauses may be a delivery parameter. No correlation was
obtained between filled pause measures and fidelity scores. 4. The quantity of disfluencies
(false starts, repeats, restructuring) emerged as a reliable indicator of both
the fidelity and the quality of delivery of the interpretations.
5.Source-target keyword correspondence rate was strongly correlated with the
fidelity score in the interpretations, showing that this measure can help
evaluate interpretation fidelity with precision.
* Key Words: interpretation quality, objective assessment, interpretation word count, pause, source-target keyword
correspondence, correlation analysis.(RM)
DOCTORAL
DISSERTATIONS
Bendazzoli, Claudio. 2010. Il corpus DIRSI: creazione e
sviluppo di un corpus elettronico per lo studio della direzionalitŕ in
interpretazione simultanea. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation. Universitŕ di Bologna.
* Bendazzoli also
wrote two monographs based on his work, with much interesting and useful
reflection and hints, including practical methodological items (see the “Books”
section) (DG)
Abstract
In this doctoral
thesis a methodology was developed to fully apply the corpus-based approach to
simultaneous interpreting research. DIRSI is a parallel
(Italian-English/English-Italian) and aligned machine-readable corpus,
containing transcripts of audio-recorded medical conferences with professional
simultaneous interpreters working both from and into their foreign language.
Against this backdrop, directionality represents the research parameter used to
analyze interpreters' performance by means of corpus linguistics tools. The
main chapters in the thesis are listed below:
Introduction
Conclusions
The most critical
methodological issues in Corpus-based Interpreting Studies were addressed and
discussed in detail, considering all the main stages involved in building an
interpreting corpus: corpus design, data collection, transcription, annotation,
alignment, access and distribution. Many theoretical and practical suggestions
are provided in each stage. Moreover, drawing from Linguistic Anthropology,
Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Conversation and Discourse Analysis and
Interpreting Studies, a taxonomy of conference sections, speech events and
participants found in international conferences was developed, so as to
classify all the data within a communicative framework.
Three small-scale
studies were carried out using the DIRSI Corpus and Multimedia Archive. The
first study was focused on target text compression/expansion. The total number
of words produced by source speakers and interpreters was taken into account in
each of the four DIRSI sub-corpora, showing that there is always a decrease in
the total number of words produced by interpreters, with two noteworthy
exceptions. The first is to be referred to the only native English interpreter
represented in the corpus (out of 5 interpreters, 4 being native Italian
speakers) and his target speeches from Italian into English. This result may be
explained by directionality-related effects, though the same does not hold true
for the other interpreters and their target speeches into Italian. The second
exception was found in very short target speeches, i.e. those produced from
source speech events containing less than 500 words; all the interpreters
tended to expand these shorter speeches in their target language production.
The second study
concerned lexical variety. Type-token ratio was measured in each DIRSI
sub-corpus. Interestingly, Italian target texts showed greater variety than
their English source texts, whilst the opposite is true for Italian source
texts vs. English target texts. Again there might be a directionality-related
effect, but differences in corpus size could also influence this result. If
type-token ratio scores are considered in a comparable perspective, ‘original
Italian’ and ‘interpreted Italian’ show nearly identical variety. On the other
hand, ‘interpreted English’ displayed greater lexical variety than ‘original
English’ (consider that not all SL speakers are native speakers of English).
Finally, the
third study analysed interpreter-generated discourse markers: the frequency of
discourse marker ‘so’ was calculated in the English target speeches produced by
each individual interpreter. Then, correspondence was assessed in the relevant
source speeches. The final result was that zero correspondence accounted for
30% of the occurrences of ‘so’, meaning that the discourse marker under
consideration had been generated autonomously by interpreters and not in
response to any unit of meaning in the source speech.
Woroch,
Justyna. 2010. La reformulation comme fondement de
l’interprétation de conférence. Doctoral
dissertation,
http://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/10593/427/1/rozprawa
doktorska mgr Justyny Woroch
* Abstract
in English provided by the author (the dissertation is written in French)
The author investigates the phenomenon of
reformulation on the grounds of empirical, observational and analytical
research conducted in the context of simultaneous interpreting (in the French –
Polish language pair). Having presented the characteristics of simultaneous interpreting
and the main contexts in which the notion of reformulation appears, the author
links the two phenomena. For the purposes of the analysis recordings of French
original discourses and their simultaneous interpretations were transcribed.
The reformulation processes of textualisation are divided into three groups:
speaker's intralingual reformulations appearing during his or her original
performance and interpreter's interlingual and intralingual reformulations in
the simultaneous interpreting process. Thus it was concluded that the nature of
interpreter's reformulations is two-sided: first, there are reformulations
created due to the influence of the original reformulations (interlingual
ones), secondly, those created independently by the interpreter (intralingual
“second level” reformulations). The research permitted to emphasise the
importance of the linguistic operation of reformulation in the complicated
communicative situation of simultaneous interpreting.
BOOKS
Bendazzoli, Claudio. 2010. Testi
e contesti dell’interpretazione di conferenza. Uno studio
etnografico. (Conference
interpreting texts and contexts. An ethnographic study)
Can be read online (in Italian) at http://amsacta.cib.unibo.it/2905/ (Digital library service of
the
* A systematic
exploration of conference interpreting (plus some other interpreting contexts)
as a communicative event (the author refers in the title to texts and contexts
of conference interpreting and to an ethnographic study). Much relevant
literature is reviewed, classifications are offered, as well as some data on
Bendazzoli, Claudio. 2010. Corpora
e interpretazione simultanea.
Can be read online (in Italian) at http://amsacta.cib.unibo.it/2897/ (Digital library service of the
* Methodological reflections
and information on the use of corpora, in particular electronic corpora, in
research on simultaneous interpreting. Based on a good review of the literature
and on several years of hands-on work in preparation of Bendazzoli’s dissertation
(see the reference in the appropriate section).
Kutz, Wladimir. 2010.
Dolmetschkompetenz: Was muss der Dolmetscher wissen und können? Berlin,
Bochum, Dülmen, London, Paris (Europäischer Universitätsverlag). Reihe:
Translatio, Bd. 1.
Takeda, Kayoko.
2010. Interpreting. The
* The
English version of her 2008 Japanese book (see Bulletin n°37), based on her
2007 doctoral dissertation (reported in Bulletin n°35). A historical account of
the background of and interpreting arrangements for the
…and BEYOND CONFERENCE
INTERPRETING
Holkupová, Jiřina. 2010. Role komunitního tlumočníka z hlediska očekávání
účastníků tlumočnické komunikační situace (The Role of the Community
Interpreter from the Point of View of Users’ Expectations). MA
thesis, Charles University, Prague.
* The
thesis focuses on the expectations of interpreters and public institutions with
regard to the role of interpreters in a specific type of communicative events,
i.e. in interpreter-mediated encounters between foreigners and Czech
institutions. This type of interpreting is commonly referred to as community
interpreting. Taking into account that there is a lack of consensus in the
literature concerning the interpreter’s role, the thesis aims to explore how
Czech interpreters and institutions perceive this role in the absence of binding
professional standards. The main goal is to determine whether the respondents
see interpreters more as passive ‘translation devices’ or ‘conduits’, or
whether they consider them to be active communication participants in their own
right. The first part of the thesis provides an overview of research focusing
on the interpreter’s role, and gives examples of how this role has been
codified, both in the international context and in the
Pišvejc, David. 2010. VÝVOJ TLUMOČENÍ VE ŠVÉDSKU. (THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPRETING IN
*
Interpreters in
Thanks to several renowned interpreting agencies,
Swedish research in interpreting theory has been
examining different aspects of community interpreting, such as the interaction
and the social role of interpreters, interpretation in the health care service
or the didactics of translation and interpreting.
Gambier, Yves & Luc Van Doorslaer (eds). 2010. Handbook of Translation Studies. Volume1. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
* The most recent in the series of encyclopaedias and handbooks of
TS. The editors are now working on Volume 2.
Lederer, Marianne. 2010. Interpretive Approach. Article in Gambier & Van Doorslaer
(eds). 173-179.
* Comments by DG: This paper is interesting as the most up-to-date
description of the Interpretive Theory paradigm by Marianne Lederer, one of its
two co-founders. It starts with a brief historical background of the paradigm
which, Lederer says,
“started with the seminal
intuitions of Danica Seleskovitch reflecting on what went on in her mind as she
interpreted and how she would explain the process to her interpreting students”
(p.173).
(This is exactly what I called “personal
theorizing” in a paper published in 1990, the same approach which I followed
myself for a short while a decade or so later, when I started developing my own
theories).
Lederer then recalls that
[Seleskovitch]
“fought experimental
psychology, which at the time concentrated on how the human mind understood
de-contextualized syllables, words and sentences”.
She goes on to say that
“At the time, the
pioneering contribution of ITT was to draw TS away from mere linguistic and
contrastive studies of translation-as-product. Instead, [it] put translators
center-stage, focusing on translation as a cognitive process”.
Indeed. And,
“[ITT] remains
deliberately simple in its formulation, in the hope of giving useful guidelines
to practicing interpreters and translators.”
With respect to
deverbalization, Lederer says
“As soon as there is
understanding, deverbalization takes place, i.e., most of the words disappear….
Psychologists call this ‘mental representation’; ITT could have called it
‘conceptualization’. The term ‘deverbalization’ was used because it was first
observed with consecutive interpreters who obviously cannot retain nor jot down
all the words of a speech”.
This ‘soft’ version of
“deverbalization” is quite remote from the heavier version often referred to in
the literature that claims that all traces of the source text words and
structures disappear from the translator’s/interpreter’s memory, and it is
easier to accept, though it is not yet quite specific enough in what it refers
to in terms of cognitive processing of the source text. This partial
disappearance of words from the mind may well be part of the comprehension
process itself, as it frees working memory from information that is no longer
necessary (namely the ‘words’ that were processed to generate a mental
representation).
Lederer,
Marianne. 2010. Pratiques d’interprétation différentes – męme processus de
base ? Le point sur la recherche. In
ISIT, Les pratiques de l’interprétation
et l’oralité dans la communication interculturelle, Colloque International.
* In this short paper, Lederer laments the shift of focus in research on
interpreting other than conference interpreting, towards sociological considerations
and away from interpreting cognition which, she says, is one of the keys of the
success of interpreting.
APPENDIX
History (or archaeology?):
the first Bulletin
BULLETIN N.1 FEBRUARY 1991
Prepared by Daniel Gile
CEEI (ISIT),
21, rue d'Assas 75270 Paris Cedex, France
tel 33 1 42 22 33 16 fax 33 1
45 44 17 67
This Bulletin aims at
contributing to the dissemination of interpretation research and theory (IRT)
information not readily available in journals. The Bulletin will be published
twice a year, in winter and summer. Please send information contributions to
D.Gile, CEEI (ISIT).
* * *
This first Bulletin illustrates the basic objective of IRTIN: the
dissemination of short pieces of IRT information not easily (or not yet) found
in the major I/T journals, for the benefit of IRT researchers scattered around
the world and often unaware of each other's work. The Bulletin will be sent to
I/T schools and individual IRT researchers. Comments and suggestions are
welcome.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
The Interpreter's Newsletter (IN) N.3 was published in Dec.90. The IN is the only
research journal devoted to conference interpretation. Each issue contains
articles and a bibliographical update (more than 150 items in N.3). The IN will
be taken as a bibliographic reference for the IRTIN Bulletin: items appearing
in the IN update will not be listed in the Bulletin, except for comments and
additional information about them. The IN is
published once a year by the Scuola Superiore di Lingue Moderne per Interpreti
e Traduttori, Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Via B.D'Alviano 15/1, 34144
Trieste, Italy. General Editors: Laura
GRAN and John DODDS.
An AIIC Research Committee bibliography is due to be ready next spring.
More than 600 items. AIIC, 110, avenue de Sécheron, CH-1202 Genčve.
The proceedings of the 1986 Trieste Conference on interpreter training
were published in 1989: Laura GRAN and John DODD (Eds), The theoretical and
Practical Aspects of Teaching Conference Interpretation,
A book on Empirical research in interpreting was published in December
1990: Christopher TAYLOR & GRAN Laura (Eds.) Aspects of Applied and
Empirical Research on Conference Interpretation, Campanotto,
Several M.A. theses and doctoral dissertations on conference
interpretation were defended in 1989 and 1990: Etilvia ARJONA-TSENG on
curriculum design, Mike DILLINGER on comprehension processes during
simultaneous interpretation, Clare DONOVAN on Fidelity, Ruth MORRIS on court
interpreting, Miriam SHLESINGER on the effect of interpretation on the
oral/literate nature of discourse. See full references in IN N.3.
Paralleles, E.T.I., Université de Genčve: a special issue on Court
interpreting (N.11), 1989.
ATA American Translators'
Association Scholarly Monograph Series, Vol. IV, 1990: Interpreting -
Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Editors: David and Margareta BOWEN
Daniel GILE Basic Concepts and
Models for Conference Interpretation Training First version, unpublished
brochure,
Jaana HARKONEN "The Effect of the Interpretation Situation on
Students' Performance, with Reference to Pauses/Silences and Repairs",
University of Joensuu, Kielitieteellisiä Tutkimuksia Studies in
Languages, in Sonja TIRKKONEN-CONDIT and Stephen CONDIT (Eds.), Empirical
Studies in Translation and Linguistics N.17, Joensuu 1989:201-214
MONTEREY INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Division of Translation and
Interpretation, Proceedings of the Twentieth Anniversary Symposium on the
Training of Teachers of Translation and Interpretation, available from MIIS,
Division of Translation and Interpretation,
Paula OVASKA, Unfilled pauses and hesitations in impromptu speech and
simultaneous interpretation, unpublished M.A. Thesis,
Jorma TOMMOLA & P. NIEMI, "Mental load in simultaneous
interpreting: an on-line pilot study", in L. EVENSEN (Ed.) Nordic
Research in Text Linguistics and Discourse Analysis,
INTERPRETING RESEARCH INFORMATION
EVENTS
Australia National I/T
workshop to be held at the Key Centre for Asian Languages and Studies,
University of Queensland, Brisbane (organizer), in the beginning of July 1991.
* * *
Present IRTIN Members are located
in
To become an IRTIN Member, please write to D.Gile so that your name or
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geographical area. Members volunteer to become Nodes; they cease to
operate as such at any time after notifying headquarters in
For
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of Language, Education and Community Services, RMIT University, Melbourne -
Telephone (03) 9527- 4160 or mobile 0414-614-022
For
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Chile: Gertrudis Payŕs, Escuela de Lenguas y
Traducción, Facultad de Artes y Humanidades, Universidad Católica de Temuco,
Avda. Alemania 0422, Temuco, C.P. 4810296, CHILE payas@lagerta.com
For China (Hong
Kong): Andrew Cheung, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, Hong
Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- e-mail: profakc@gmail.com
For China (Shanghai): Ailing (Irene) Zhang,
Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation, Shanghai International
Studies University, 550 Dalian Road (W), Shanghai 200083, P.R.China - e-mail: azhang@shisu.edu.cn
For China (Taiwan): Riccardo
Moratto, Fu Jen Catholic University/National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU),
personal address Rm. 11,
For
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tel 42 02 216 195 13
fax 42 02 216 195 28 - e-mail: IVANA.CENKOVA@ff.cuni.cz
For Denmark: Helle Dam, Handelshojskolen i Aarhus, Fuglesangs Allé
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Estonia. mpuusepp@hot.ee
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For France: Daniel Gile, 46, rue d'Alembert,
92190 Meudon - e-mail: daniel.gile@yahoo.com
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Shlesinger, Bar Ilan University, 12 Recanati Street, 69494 Ramat-Aviv, Shlesm@mail.biu.ac.il
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Superiore di Lingue Moderne per Interpreti e Traduttori, Universita degli Studi
di Trieste, Via Filzi 14, 34132 Trieste - e-mail: laurag@sslmit.univ.trieste.it
For Japan: Masaomi
Kondo, Daito Bunka University, Dept. of
Economics, 1-9-1 Takashimadaira, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Phone: 935
1111 - e-mail: omikondo@amber.plala.or.jp
For Mexico: CESLAA
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e-mail: georgann@avantel.net
For Peru: ASPTI -
Asociación de Profesionales en Traducción e Interpretación de
For the
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For Portugal:
Manuel Santiago Ribeiro, Rua Correia Teles, 32-2ş PT - 1350-100 Lisboa,
tel/fax: + 351.21.386.9429 - e-mail: msr@aiic.net
For
For
For Spain:
John MATTHEWS, Facultad de Traduccion e Interpretacion, Universidad Autonoma de
Barcelona, Edifici M, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyala, Barcelona, tel/fax +34 3
580 65 45 - e-mail: jmatthews@grn.es
For
For
For the
For Uruguay: Maria
Julia Sainz, Facultad de Derecho/Traductorado, Universidad de
11.300
Montevideo, Uruguay tel/fax (598 2) 711 54 56 - e-mail: mjsainz@adinet.com.uy
For the
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